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Sometimes when we lose the ones we love, we dont understand why they had to go. It's because God called for them and needs more angels in heaven. #creenative

California’s Secret Genocide Up to 100,000 Native Americans were murdered in cold blood after California became a state. Forty-eighters and forty-niners. Europe...an early settlers. An estimated 100,000 Native Americans died during the first two years of the Gold Rush alone; by 1873, only 30,000 indigenous people remained of around 150,000. According to Madley, the state spent a total of about $1.7 milliona staggering sum in its dayto murder up to 100,000 people. Gold! Gold from the American River! Samuel Brannan walked up and down the streets of San Francisco, holding up a bottle of pure gold dust. His triumphant announcement, and the discovery of gold at nearby Sutter’s Mill in 1848, ushered in a new era for Californiaone in which millions of settlers rushed to the little-known frontier in a wild race for riches. But though gold spelled prosperity and power for the white settlers who arrived in California in 1849 and after, it meant disaster for the state’s peaceful indigenous population. In just 20 years, 80 percent of California’s Native Americans were wiped out. And though some died because of the seizure of their land or diseases caught from new settlers, between 9,000 and 100,000 were murdered in cold bloodthe victims of a policy of genocide sponsored by the state of California and gleefully assisted by its newest citizens. Today, California’s genocide is one of the most heinous chapters in the state’s troubled racial history, which also includes forced sterilizations. But before any of that, one of the new state’s first priorities was to rid itself of its sizeable Native American population, and it did so with a vengeance. California’s native peoples had a long and rich history; hundreds of thousands of Native Americans speaking up to 80 languages populated the area for thousands of years. In 1848, California became the property of the United States as one of the spoils of the Mexican-American War. Then, in 1850, it became a state. For the state and federal government, it was imperative both to make room for new settlers and to lay claim to gold on traditional tribal lands. And settlers themselvesmotivated by bigotry and fear of Native peopleswere intent on removing the approximately 150,000 Native Americans who remained. Whites are becoming impressed with the belief that it will be absolutely necessary to exterminate the savages before they can labor much longer in the mines with security, wrote the Daily Alta California in 1849, reflecting the prejudices of the day. Covered in white face mask hoodies and torches, guns. The slaughters and kidnapping of indian children had just begun. They were assisted by the government, which considered the so-called Indian Problem to be one of the biggest threats to its sovereignty. The legal basis for enslaving California’s native people was effectively enshrined into law at the first session of the state legislature, where officials gave white settlers the right to take custody of Native American children. The law also gave white people the right to arrest Native people for minor offenses like loitering or possessing alcohol and made it possible for whites to put Native Americans convicted of crimes to work to pay off the fines they incurred. The law was widely abused and ultimately led to the enslavement of tens of thousands of Native Americans in the name of their protection. This was just the beginning. Peter Hardenman Burnett, the state’s first governor, saw indigenous Californians as lazy, savage and dangerous. Though he acknowledged that white settlers were taking their territory and bringing disease, he felt that it was the inevitable outcome of the meeting of two races. That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected, he told legislators in the second state of the state address in 1851. While we cannot anticipate this result but with painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power or wisdom of man to avert. Burnett didn’t just refuse to avert such a conflicthe egged it on. He set aside state money to arm local militias against Native Americans. The state, with the help of the U.S. Army, started assembling a massive arsenal. These weapons were then given to local militias, who were tasked with killing native people. State militias raided tribal outposts, shooting and sometimes scalping Native Americans. Soon, local settlers began to do the killing themselves. Local governments put bounties on Native American heads and paid settlers for stealing the horses of the people they murdered. By demonstrating that the state would not punish Indian killers, but instead reward them, writes historian Benjamin Madley, militia expeditions helped inspire vigilantes to kill at least 6,460 California Indians between 1846 and 1873. The U.S Army also joined in the killing, Madley notes, killing at least 1,600 native Californians. Large massacres wiped out entire tribal populations. In 1850, for example, around 400 Pomo people, including women and children, were slaughtered by the U.S. Cavalry and local volunteers at Clear Lake north of San Francisco. One of the few survivors was a six-year-old girl named Ni’ka, who stayed alive by hiding in the lake and breathing through a reed. Meanwhile, white settlers and the California government enslaved native people and forced them to labor for ranchers through at least the mid-1860s. Native Americans were then forced onto reservations and their children forced to attend Indian assimilation schools. 100,000's more indian children died while attending these concentration camps called - Residential Schools. Today, despite all odds, California has the United States’ largest Native American population and is home to 109 federally recognized tribes. But the state’s treatment of native peoples during its founding daysand the role the slaughter of Native Americans played in establishing California’s prosperityis little known today. California only apologized for the genocide it carried out against its indigenous residents in 2019. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush Click photo to share.

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Trail of Tears Timeline. Oct. 15th, 1831 - ended March 1839. 7000+ Marched the Party at 8 o'c. A.M. halted and encamped at Spring Creek, at 11 o’c A.M. where G...enl. Smith mustered the Party, which consumed the remainder of the day, 5 miles to day. The names of the Five Civilised Tribes were the Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Chickasaw and Creek. The journeys of the Five Civilised Tribes along the Trail of Tears started in 1831. 1830 Indian Removal Act: The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. The Choctaw tribe were removed in 1831 The Seminole tribe were removed in 1832 The Creek tribe were removed in 1834 The Chickasaw tribe were removed in 1837 The Cherokee tribe were removed in 1838 Cherokee Indians Document. Photograph of an original document given to militia prior to the removal of the Cherokee Indians by the U. S. Government to the "Trail of Tears." The march began October 15 1837 8am and ended March 1839. The Treaty of New Echota in 1835 ceded all Cherokee land to the United States for $5.6 million The Cherokees were organized into separate groups of about 1,000 people for the journey on the Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears was approximately 2,200 miles (3,500 km). The Cherokees were allowed 600 wagons and carts, 5,000 horses and just over 100 oxen for their journey. Trail of Tears, refers to the forced relocation between 1836 and 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia, Texas, Tennessee, Alabama, and North Carolina to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 4000 Cherokee. In the fall of 1835, a census was taken by civilian officials of the US War Department to enumerate Cherokees residing in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, with a count of 16,542 Cherokees, 201 inter-married whites, and 1592 slaves (total: 18,335 people). Trail of tears the Indian Removal Act of 1830 - Nu na da ul tsun yi 1837, 46,000 Native Americans from the southeastern states had been removed from their homelands, thereby opening 25 million acres (100,000 km2) for predominantly white settlement. The removal included members of the Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations. In the winter of 1838 the Cherokee began the thousand-mile march with scant clothing and most on foot without shoes or moccasins. The march began in Red Clay, Tennessee, the location of the last Eastern capital of the Cherokee Nation. Because of the diseases, the Native Americans (colloquially known as Indians) were not allowed to go into any towns or villages along the way; many times this meant traveling much farther to go around them. After crossing Tennessee and Kentucky, they arrived at the Ohio River across from Golconda in southern Illinois about the 3rd of December 1838. Here the starving Indians were charged a dollar a head (equal to $22.15 today) to cross the river on "Berry's Ferry" which typically charged twelve cents, equal to $2.66 today. They were not allowed passage until the ferry had serviced all others wishing to cross and were forced to take shelter under "Mantle Rock," a shelter bluff on the Kentucky side, until "Berry had nothing better to do". Many died huddled together at Mantle Rock waiting to cross. Several Cherokee were murdered by locals. The killers filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government through the courthouse in Vienna, suing the government for $35 a head (equal to $775.14 today) to bury the murdered Cherokee. As they crossed southern Illinois, on December 26, Martin Davis, Commissary Agent for Moses Daniel's detachment, wrote: "There is the coldest weather in Illinois I ever experienced anywhere. The streams are all frozen over something like 8 or 12 inches (20 or 30 cm) thick. We are compelled to cut through the ice to get water for ourselves and animals. It snows here every two or three days at the farther east. We are now camped in Mississippi River swamp 4 miles (6.4 km) from the river, and there is no possible chance of crossing the river for the numerous quantity of ice that comes floating down the river every day. We have only traveled 65 miles (105 km) on the last month, including the time spent at this place, which has been about three weeks. It is unknown when we shall cross the river..." The Treaty of Cusseta was signed on March 24, 1832, which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments. Creeks could either sell their allotments and received funds to remove to the west, or stay in Alabama and submit to state laws. Land speculators and squatters began to defraud Creeks out of their allotments, and violence broke out, leading to the so-called "Creek War of 1836". Secretary of War Lewis Cass dispatched General Winfield Scott to end the violence by forcibly removing the Creeks to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 it continued into 1835 and after as in 1836 over 15,000 Creeks were driven from their land for the last time. 3,500 of those 15,000 creeks did not survive the trip to Oklahoma where they eventually settled. In 1838, the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from their lands in the Southeastern United States to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States. In the same year of 1838 only about 2,000 Cherokee had left their homes in Georgia. It took Winfield Scott and his army to forcible kick people out of their homes and home land, which was an order at the time by President Martin Van Buren, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 Cherokees. In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nu na da ul tsun yi the Place Where They Cried. The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota, an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which exchanged Native American land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River, but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a majority of the Cherokee people. When the Cherokee negotiated the Treaty of New Echota, they lost all their land east of the Mississippi and received $5 million from the federal government. Many Cherokee felt betrayed for accepting the money, with over 16,000 of their people signing a petition to prevent the pass of the treaty. By the end of the decade in 1840 tens of thousands of Cherokee and Native Americans were driven off their land east of the Mississippi River. Oklahoma was the new home for the Cherokee which was promised by the federal government to last for an eternity, but that never happened. When Oklahoma became an official state of the United States in the first decade of the 20th century, Indian land there became lost forever and the Cherokee were then again forced to move farther westward. The Cherokee along with a number of other tribes such as the Choctaws and Seminoles lost their land through the Indian Removal act of 1830. One Choctaw leader portrayed the Trail of Tears as "A Trail of Tears and Deaths", the devastation of this event wiped the Native American population of the southeastern United States out of their home land. Nearly 17,000 Choctaws made the move to what would be called Indian Territory and then later Oklahoma. About 2,5006,000 died along the trail of tears. Approximately 5,0006,000 Choctaws remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts. The Choctaws who chose to remain in newly formed Mississippi were subject to legal conflict, harassment, and intimidation. The Choctaws "have had our habitations torn down and burned, our fences destroyed, cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged, manacled, fettered and otherwise personally abused, until by such treatment some of our best men have died." The Choctaws in Mississippi were later reformed as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the removed Choctaws became the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty presented by the federal government. President Andrew Jackson wanted strong negotiations with the Choctaws in Mississippi, and the Choctaws seemed much more cooperative than Andrew Jackson had imagined. When commissioners and Choctaws came to negotiation agreements it was said the United States would bear the expense of moving their homes and that they had to be removed within two and a half years of the signed treaty. Jackson had no desire to use the power of the national government to protect the Cherokees from Georgia, since he was already entangled with states’ rights issues in what became known as the nullification crisis. With the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties, exchanging Indian land in the East for land west of the Mississippi River. Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal treaty. Nevertheless, the treaty, passed by Congress by a single vote, and signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren who allowed Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Alabama an armed force of 7,000 made up of militia, regular army, and volunteers under General Winfield Scott to round up about 13,000 Cherokees into concentration camps at the U.S. Indian Agency near Cleveland, Tennessee before being sent to the West. Most of the deaths occurred from disease, starvation and cold in these camps. Their homes were burned and their property destroyed and plundered. Farms belonging to the Cherokees for generations were won by white settlers in a lottery. After the initial roundup, the U.S. military still oversaw the emigration until they met the forced destination. Private John G. Burnett later wrote, "Future generations will read and condemn the act and I do hope posterity will remember that private soldiers like myself, and like the four Cherokees who were forced by General Scott to shoot an Indian Chief and his children, had to execute the orders of our superiors. We had no choice in the matter. Cherokees are the largest American Indian group in the United States. Some of the listed states that were homes to Native Americans before they were forceably removed. Georgia. Red Clay, Tennessee, Kentucky Ohio Illinois New york Brooklyn Alabama - Creek War of 1836 Oklahoma Miami Florida Hawaii California Manhattan All of American soil once belonged to Native Americans including some of the islands and Caribbeans. B.B. Cannon's Journal Cannon, B.B. - 1837 - Cherokee Removal B. B. Cannon’s Journal of Occurrences with a Party of Cherokee Emigrants. October 1837 A Journal of occurrences in conformity with the Revised Regulations No 5. Paragraph 8. kept by B. B. Cannon, Conductor of a Party of Emigrating Cherokee Indians, put in his charge, at the Cherokee Agency East, by Genl. N. Smith, Superintendent of Cherokee removals, on the 13th day of October 1837. Trail of Tears: Timeline Oct. 13th, 1837. Sent the wagons to the Indian encampment and commenced loading, in the evening. Oct. 14th, 1837. Completed loading the wagons and crossed the Highwassee river at Calhoun, encamped, at 5 o’c. P.M. With less than 15 Hours to Get ready upon arrival. Tribes were denied from taking extra package, many left barefoot with no moccasins or blankets unaware of the cold winter they would have to endure, tribes were not aloud to take extra food, instead it was salvaged by the soldiers for their own appetites. Soon after lands were been actioned and lotteries were been won and given away to the highest bidders. Oct. 15th, 1837. Marched the Party at 8 oc. A.M. halted and encamped at Spring Creek, at 11 o’c A.M. where Genl. Smith mustered the Party, which consumed the remainder of the day, 5 miles to day. Oct. 16th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted and encamped at Kelly’s ferry on Tennessee river, at 4 o’c. P.M. Issued corn & fodder, Corn meal & bacon, 14 miles to day. Oct. 17th, 1837. Commenced ferrying the Tennessee river at 8 o’c. A.M., having been detained until the sun dispelled the fog, every thing being in readiness to commence at day light, completed ferrying at 4 o’c. P.M. and reached little [p. 2] Richland creek at 8 o’c. P.M.., where the Party had been directed to halt and encamp, Issued corn & fodder, 7 miles to day. Oct. 18th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A.M., one of the provision wagons oversat, detained a half hour, no damage done, ascended Wallens ridge, (the ascent 2 miles) halted at Ragsdale’s at 1 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn-meal & bacon, 10 miles further to water, all wearied getting up the mountain, 5 miles today. Oct. 19th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A. M. descended the mountain, halted at 2 o’c. P.M., at Sequachee river near Mr. Springs, Issued corn & fodder, 11 miles to day. Oct. 20th, 1837. Marched at 6 o’c. A.M., ascended the Cumberland mountain, halted at Mr. Flemings, past 3 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn meal & Bacon, 14 miles to day. Oct. 21st, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A.M., descended the mountain, halted at Collins river, 4 1/r o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, the Indians appear fatigued this evening. 13 miles today, road extremely rough. Oct. 22nd, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M. passed through McMinnville, halted at Mr. Britts past 12 o’c. M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn meal & Bacon, Sugar [p. 3] and coffee to the waggoners & Interpreters, no water for 12 miles ahead, procured a quantity of corn meal and bacon to day. 7 miles to day. Oct. 23rd, 1837. Marched at 6 o’c. A.M., Capt. Prigmore badly hurt by a wagon horse attempting to run away, halted at Stone river near Woodbury, Te. past 4 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, 20 miles to day. Oct. 24th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A. M., halted at Mr. Yearwoods, 4 o’c. P.M., rained last night and to day, Issued corn & fodder, corn meal and bacon, 15 miles to day. Oct. 25th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., buried Andrew’s child at past 9 o’c. A.M., passed through Murfreesborough, halted at Overall’s creek, 4 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn and fodder, 14 miles to day. Oct. 26th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., passed through three turnpike Gates, halted at Mr. Harris, 3 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn meal & bacon, 16 miles to day. Oct. 27th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A.M., passed through two Turn I would remark here that all supplies, both of forage and subsistence, were purchased, and Pikages, toll and ferriages contracted for on the way west by a contracting agent, and paid for on my request by Doct. Reynolds, the [continued at the bottom of page 4] [p. 4] pike gates, and crossed the Cumberland river on the Nashville toll bridge, at Nashville, halted at Mr. Putnams past 3 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, Isaac Walker and [sic] emigrant belonging to the Party, overtook us. Mr. L. A. Kincannon, contracting agent, left us, and returned home, having, on the way, near McMinnville signified his intention, verbally, to do so, assigning as the reason the delicate situation of his health, 13 miles to day. Oct. 28th, 1837. Rested for the purpose of washing clothes, repairing wagons, and shoeing horses. Reese, Starr and others of the emigrants visited Genl. Jackson who was at Nashville, Issued corn & fodder, corn-meal and bacon, Assigned Mr. E. S. Curry to supply the place of Mr. Kincannon. Oct. 29th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted at Long creek past 2 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, 13 miles to day. Oct. 30th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c A.M., halted at Little red river past 5 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn-meal & Bacon, 18 miles to day. Oct. 31st, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted at Graves, Ken. 3 o’c. P.M., Issued corn & fodder, 16 miles to day. Disbursing Agent for the Party. [p. 5] Nov. 1st, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c., A.M., buried Ducks child, passed through [sic] Hopkinsville, Ken, halted at Mr. Northerns past 5 o’c. P.M. Encamped & issued corn & fodder, Flour and bacon, 19 miles to day. Nov. 2nd, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M. and halted one mile in advance of Mr. Mitchersons, 3 o’o. P.M., encamped and issued corn and fodder. Nov. 3rd, 1837. David Timpson and Pheasant, emigrants belonging to the party, came up last night in the stage, having been heretofore enrolled, and mustered, marched at 8 o’c. A.M., passed thro’ Princeton, Ken., halted and encamped near Mr. Barnetts, at past 4 o’c. P.M. Issued corn & fodder, Flour & bacon, 17 miles to day. Nov. 4th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted and encamped at Threlkelds branch, 4 o’c, P.M., Issued corn & fodder, 15 miles to day. Nov. 5th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., passed thro’ Salem, Ken., halted and encamped at another Mr. Threlkelds branch at 4 o’c. P.M., Issued corn & fodder, corn meal, a small quantity of flour, and bacon, 13 miles to day. Nov. 6th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A.M., arrived at Berry’s ferry (Golconda opposite on the Ohio river) 9 o’c. A.M., every thing in readiness to commence ferrying, but [p. 6] Prevented on account of the extreme high winds and consequent roughness of the river, which continued the remainder of the day, encamped in the evening, Issued corn & fodder, 5 miles to day. Nov. 7th, 1837. Commenced ferrying at past 5 o’c. A.M., moved the Party as it crossed one mile out and encamped. Completed crossing 4 o’c. P.M., all safely, Issued corn & fodder, corn meal & bacon, 1 mile to day. Nov. 8th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., Mr. Reese & myself remained behind, and buried a child of Seabolts, overtook the Party, halted and encamped at Big Bay creek, 4 o’c. P.M., Issued corn & fodder, (James Starr & wife, left this morning with two carry-alls to take care of, and bring on three of their children, who were too sick to travel with instructions to overtake the Party as soon as possible without endangering the lives of their children.) 15 miles to day. Nov. 9th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c., A.M., halted and encamped at Cash creek, past 4 o’c. P.M., Issued corn & fodder, corn meal & Bacon, 15 miles to day. Nov. 10th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., were detained 2 hours on the way making a bridge across a small creek, halted at Cypress creek, 4 o’c., P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, & salt, 14 miles to day. [p. 7] Nov. 11th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c, A.M., passed thro’ Jonesboro’ Ill., halted and encamped at Clear creek, in the Mississippi river bottom, past 3 o’c. P. M., Issued corn & fodder, corn meal & bacon 13 miles to day, issued sugar & coffee to the wagoners, & interpreters. Nov. 12th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., arrived at Mississippi river, 10 o’c. A.M., Commenced ferrying, at 11 o’c. A. M., directed the party to move a short distance as they crossed the river, and encamp, Issued corn & fodder, Starr came up, the health of his children but little better, Richard Timberlake and George Ross, overtook us and enrolled, attached themselves to Starrs family. Nov. 13th, 1837. Continued ferrying from 7 o’c. until 10 o’c. A.M., when the wind arose and checked our progress, 3 o’c. P.M., resumed and made our trip, suspended at 5 o’c. P.M., Issued corn & fodder, corn meal & bacon, buried another of Duck’s children to day. Nov. 14th, 1837. Crossed the residue of the Party, Marched at 10 o’c. A. M., halted and encamped at Mr. William’s, Issued corn & fodder, sickness prevailing, 5 miles to day. Nov. 15th, 1837. Rested for the purpose of washing &c., Issued corn and fodder, corn meal and bacon. Nov. 16th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., left Reese, Starr and fam- [p. 8] ilies on account of sickness in their families, also James Taylor (Reese’s son in law) and family, Taylor himself being very sick, with instructions to overtake the Party, passed thro’ Jackson, Mo., halted & encamped at widow Roberts on the road via Farmington &c., Issued corn only, no fodder to be had, 17 miles to day. Nov. 17th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., halted at White Water creek 4 o’c. P.M., Issued corn & fodder, corn meal and beef, 13 miles to day. Nov. 18th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted and encamped at Mr. Morand’s 5 o’c. P.M., Issued corn & fodder, Flour & bacon, 16 miles to day. Nov. 19th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted and encamped past 4 o’c. P.M., at Wolf creek, Issued corn & fodder, 14 miles to day. Nov. 20th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., passed thro’ Farmington, Mo., halted at St. Francis river, 4 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, Flour & beef, 15 miles to day. Nov. 21st, 1837. A considerable number drunk last night obtained the liquor at Farmington yesterday, had to get out of bed about midnight to quell the disorder, a refusal by several to march this morning, alledging [sic] that they would wait for Starr & Reese to come up at that place, Marched at 8 o’c., A. M. in defiance of threats and attempts to intimidate, none remained behind, [p. 9] passed through Caledonia, halted at Mr. Jacksons, encamped and issued corn & fodder, beef and Bacon, mostly bacon, 14 miles to day. Nov. 22nd 1837. Marched 8 o’c. A.M., pass through the lead mines (or Courtois diggings), halted at Scotts, 4 o’c. P.M., issued corn, fodder, and corn meal, 13 miles to day. Nov. 23rd, 1837. Rested for the purpose of repairing wagons, shoeing horses, washing &c., Starr, Reese, and Taylor came up, the health of their families in some degree improved, Issued corn & fodder, and beef, weather very cold. Nov. 24th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., Considerable sickness prevailing, halted at Huzza creek, 4 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, 12 miles to day. Nov. 25th, 1837. Doct. Townsend, officially advised a suspension of our march, in consequence of the severe indisposition of several families, for a time sufficient for the employment of such remedial agents as their respective cases might require. I accordingly directed the Party to remain in camp and make the best possible arrangement for the sick, In the evening issued corn & fodder, flour and beef. Nov. 26th, 1837. Remained in camp, sickness continuing and increasing, Issued corn & fodder, beef & corn meal. [p. 10] Nov. 27th, 1837. Remained in camp, sickness continuing to increase, Issued corn & fodder, Bacon & corn meal. Nov. 28th, 1837. Moved the Detachment two miles further to a Spring and School-house, obtained permission for as many of the sick to occupy the school-house as could do so, a much better situation for an encampment than on the creek, sickness increasing, Issued corn & fodder. Nov. 29th, 1837. Remained in camp, sickness still increasing, buried Corn Tassels child to day, Issued corn & fodder. Nov. 30th, 1837. Remained in camp, sickness continuing, Issued corn and fodder. December 1st, 1837. Remained in camp, sickness abating, Issued cor and fodder, Bacon & corn meal, Buried Oolanheta’s child to day. Decr. 2nd, 1837. Remained in camp, sickness abating, Issued corn & fodder, Beef & corn meal. Decr. 3rd, 1837. Remained in camp, sickness abating, Issued corn & fodder. Decr. 4th, 1837. Marched at 9 o’c. A.M., Buried George Killian, [p. 11] and left Mr. Wells to bury a waggoner, (black boy) who died this morning, scarcely room in the wagons for the sick, halted at Mr. Davis, 12 past 4 o.c. P.M., had to move down the creek a mile off the road, to get wood, Issued corn & fodder and corn meal, 11 miles to day. Decr. 5th, 1837. Marched 9 o’c. A.M., left two waggoners (black boys) at Mr. Davis sick, this morning, halted at the Merrimack river, past 3 o’c. P.M., Encamped and issued corn and fodder, corn meal and beef, 10 miles to day. Decr. 6th, 1837. Marched at 9 o’c. A.M., passed Masseys Iron works, halted at Mr. Jones’ past 3 o’c. P. M., encamped and issued corn and fodder, 12 miles to day. Decr. 7th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c., A.M., Reese’s team ran away, broke his wagon and Starrs carry-all, left him and family to get his wagon mended, at 17 miles, and to overtake if possible, halted at Mr. Bates son, 5 o’c., P.M., encamped and issued corn and fodder, corn-meal & bacon, 20 miles to day. Decr. 8th, 1837. Buried Nancy Bigbears Grand Child, marched at 9 o’c. A.M., halted at Piney a small river, past 3 o’c. P.M., rained all day, encamped and issued corn only, no fodder to be had, several drunk, 11 miles to day. [p. 12] December the 9th, 1837. Marched at 9 o’c. A.M., Mayfields wagon broke down at about a mile left him to get it mended and overtake, halted at Waynesville, Mo. 4 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, beef & corn meal, weather extremely cold, 12 miles to day. Decr. 10th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted at the Gasconade river 4 o’c. P.M., Issued corn & fodder. 14 miles to day. Decr. 11th, 1837. Marched at past 8 o’c. A. M., halted at Sumner’s 4 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder. 15 miles to day. Decr. 12th, 1837. Marched at 9 o’c. A.M., halted one mile in advance of Mr. Parkes at a branch, 4 o’c. P. M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn meal, beef and a small quantity of bacon. 14 miles to day. Decr. 13th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., halted at a branch near Mr. Eddington’s, 4 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, Reese & Mayfield came up, 13 miles today. Decr. 14th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., halted at James fork of White river, near the road but which [p. 13] does not cross the road, 3 o’c. P. M., Mr. Wells taken sick, Issued corn meal, corn & fodder, 15 miles to day. Decr. 15th, 1837. Joseph Starrs wife had a child last night. Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., halted at Mr. Danforths, 1 P. M., waggoners having horses shod until late at night, encamped & issued corn & fodder & beef. 10 miles to day. Decr. 16th, 1837. Issued sugar & coffee to the waggoners & Interpreters this morning, Marched at 9 o’c. A. M., passed through Springfield Mo., halted at Mr. Clicks, 4 o’c. P. M., encamped and issued corn & fodder and corn-meal. 12 miles to day. (left Mr. Wells) Decr. 17th, 1837. Snowed last night, Buried Eleges wife and Chas. Timberlakes son (Smoker), Marched at 9 o’c. A. M., halted at Mr. Dyes 3 o’c P.M., extremely cold weather, sickness prevailing to a considerable extent, all very much fatigued, encamped and issued corn & fodder, & beef. 10 miles to day. Decr. 18th, 1837. Detained on account of sickness, Doct. Townsend sent back to Springfield for medicines, buried Dreadful Waters this evening, Issued corn and fodder & corn meal. [p. 14] Decr. 19th, 1837. Detained to day also on account of sickness, cold intense, Issued corn & fodder and beef. Decr. 20th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., halted at Mr. Allens past 3 o’c. P. M., encamped, and issued corn & fodder & corn meal. 15 miles to day. Decr. 21st, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., halted at Lockes on Flat creek, 12 past 3 o’c. P. M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, & beef. 15 miles to day. Decr. 22nd, 1837. Buried Goddards Grand child, Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., halted at McMurtrees, 3 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder and corn-meal. 15 miles to day. Decr. 23rd, 1837. Buried Rainfrogs daughter (Lucy Redstick’s child). Marched at 8 o’c. A. M. halted at Reddix, 3 o’c. P. M., encamped and issued corn & fodder & beef. 16 miles to day. Decr. 24th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., halted at the X hollows, had to leave the road of a mile to get water, 3 o’c. P. M., Issued corn & fodder, Pork and corn meal. 15 miles to day. Decr. 25th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., took the right hand [p. 15] road to Cane hill, at Fitzgeralds, halted a half mile in advance of Mr. Cunninghams at a branch, 3 o’c. P. M., Issued corn & fodder and salt Pork. 15 miles to day. Decr. 26th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted at James Coulters on Cane hill, Ark. past 3 o’c P. M., encamped and issued corn meal, corn & fodder, 16 miles to day. Decr. 27th, 1837. Buried Alsey Timberlake, Daughter of Chas Timberlake, Marched at 8 o’c. A. M., halted at Mr. Beans, in the Cherokee nation west, at past 2 o’c. P. M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, Fresh pork & some beef. 12 miles to day. Decr. 28th, 1837. The Party refused to go further, but at the same time pledged themselves to remain together until the remuster was made by the proper officer, for whom I immediately sent an express to Fort Gibson, they alleged at the same time that the refusal was in consequence of the sickness now prevailing and that only. Doct. Reynolds Disbursing agent for the Party dismissed the wagons from further service, Buried another child of Chas Timberlakes, and one which was born (untimely) [p. 16] yesterday of which no other account than this is taken, Jesse Half Breeds wife had a child last night, issued Pork, corn meal and flour, corn & fodder for to day. Lieut. Van Horne arrived late this evening, having missed the express on the way. Decr. 29th, 1837. Remustered the Party, Issued a small quantity of corn meal & Pork yet on hand. Decr. 30th, 1837. Completed the Rolls of Remuster, turned over the Party to Lieut. Van Horne, and dismissed my assistants. Respectfully submitted B. B. Cannon Source: [National Archives Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Letters Received, Cherokee Emigration, 1837, C-553, filed in Special Case 249]B Cannon is in Special Files, Bureau of Indian Affairs; no Muster Roll. This detachment was the first to travel the overland route through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri later used by most of the other Removal wagon trains] President Van Buren assigned General Winfield Scott to head the forcible removal operation. He arrivedat New Echota on May 17, 1838, in command of U.S. Army and state militia totalling about 7,000 soldiers. They began rounding up Cherokees in Georgia on May 26, 1838; ten days later, operations began in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Alabama. Men, women, and children were removed at gunpoint from their homes over three weeks and gathered together in camps, often with very few of their possessions. Another soldier, Private John G. Burnett later wrote: "Future generations will read and condemn the act and I do hope posterity will remember that private soldiers like myself, and like the four Cherokees who were forced by General Scott to shoot an Indian Chief and his Cherokee removal 5 children, had to execute the orders of our superiors. We had no choice in the matter." Number of deaths and survivors by date, Names and births. Lt. Edward Deas, Conductor; 800 left June 6, 1838 by boat; 489 arrived June 19, 1838. Lt. Monroe, Conductor, 164 persons left June 12, 1838; arrival unknown. Lt. R.H.K. Whiteley, ca. 800 persons left June 13, 1838 by boat, arrived Aug. 5, 1838 (70 deaths). Captain Gustavus S. Drane, Conductor, 1072 left June 17, 1838 by boat, 635 arrived Sept. 7, 1838 (146 deaths, 2 births). Muster rolls for groups # 1 and 4 are in the records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and # 2 in records of the Army Continental Commands (Eastern Division, Gen. Winfield Scott's papers) in the National Archives. There are daily journals of conductors for groups # 1 and 3 among Special Files of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The deaths and desertions in the Army's boat detachments caused Gen Scott to suspend the Army's Removal efforts, and the remaining Cherokees were put into eleven internment camps, mostly located near Ross' Landing (now Chattanooga, TN) and at Red Clay, Bedwell Springs, Chatata, Mouse Creek, Rattlesnake Springs, Chestooe, and Calhoun (site of the former Cherokee Agency) located within Bradley County, TN and one camp (Fort Payne) in Alabama. Cherokees remained in the camps during the summer of 1838 and were plagued by dysentery and other illnesses and disease, which led to 353 deaths. Some total a number much higher of approximately 2,100. Cherokee removal Dates of deaths, Names, Births and Deserters. Daniel Colston, Conductor (first choice Hair Conrad became ill); Asst. Conductor Jefferson Nevins; 710 persons left Oct.5, 1838 from Agency camp and 654 people arrived at Woodall's place in Indian Territory on Jan. 4, 1839 (57 deaths, 9 births, 24 deserters). Elijah Hicks, Conductor; White Path (died near Hopkinsville, Kentucky) and William Arnold, Asst. Conductors; 809 persons left. Oct 4th, 1838 from Camp Ross on Gunstocker Creek and 744 people arrived Jan 4th, 1839 at Mrs. Webber's place in Indian Territory. Rev. Jesse Bushyhead, Conductor; Roman Nose, Asst. Conductor; 864 left Oct. 16, 1838 from Chatata Creek camp and 898 arrived Feb. 27, 1839 at Fort Wayne, Ind. Ty. (38 deaths, 6 births, 151 deserters, 171 additions). Capt. John Benge, Conductor; George C. Lowrey, Jr. Asst. Conductor; 1,079 persons left Fort Payne camp, Alabama Oct. 1, 1838 and 1,132 arrived Jan.11, 1839 at Mrs. Webber's place, Indian Territory. (33 deaths, 3 births). Situake, Conductor; Rev. Evan Jones, Asst. Conductor; 1,205 persons left Oct. 19, 1838 from Savannah Creek camp and 1,033 arrived Feb. 2, 1839 (at Beatties' Prairie, Indian Territory. (71 deaths, 5 births). Capt. Old Fields, Conductor; Rev. Stephen Foreman, Asst. Conductor; 864 persons left Oct. 10, 1838 from Candy's Creek camp and 898 arrived Feb. 2, 1839 at Beatties' Prairie (57 deaths, 19 births, 10 deserters, 6 additions). Moses Daniel, Conductor; George Still, Sr. Asst. Conductor; 1,031 persons left from Agency camp on Oct.23, 1838 and 924 arrived March 2, 1839 at Mrs. Webber's (48 deaths, 6 births). Chuwaluka (a.k.a. Bark), Conductor; James D. Wofford (fired for drunkenness) and Thomas N. Clark, Jr. Asst. Conductors; 1,120 left Oct. 27th, 1838 from Mouse Creek camp and 970 arrived March 1st, 1839 at Fort Wayne. Judge James Brown, Conductor; Lewis Hildebrand, Asst. Conductor; 745 left Oct. 31, 1838 from Ootewah Creek camp and 717 arrived March 3, 1839 at Park Hill. George Hicks, Conductor; Collins McDonald, Asst. Conductor; 1,031 left Nov. 4, 1838 from Mouse Creek camp and 1,039 arrived March 14, 1839 near Fort Wayne. Richard Taylor, Conductor; Walter Scott Adair, Asst. Conductor; 897 left Nov. 6, 1838 from Ooltewah Creek camp and 942 arrived March 24, 1839 at Woodall's place(55 deaths, 15 births). Missionary Rev. Daniel Butrick accompanied this detachment, and his daily journal has been published. Peter Hildebrand, Conductor; James Vann Hildebrand, Asst. Conductor; 1,449 left Nov. 8, 1838 Ocoe camp and 1,311 arrived March 25, 1839 near Woodall's place. "Victoria" Detachment John Drew Conductor; John Golden Ross, Asst. Conductor; 219 left Nov. 5, 1838 Agency camp and 231 arrived March 18, 1839 Tahlequah. There exist muster rolls for four (Benge, Chuwaluka, G. Hicks, and Hildebrand) of the 12 wagon trains and payrolls of officials for all 13 detachments among the personal papers of Principal Chief John Ross in the Gilcrease Institution in Tulsa, OK Trail of Tears is generally considered to be one of the most regrettable episodes in American history. To commemorate the event, the U.S. Congress designated the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail in 1987. It stretches across nine states for 2200 miles. We will mark the day to remember the Trail of Tears on our Calendar. October 15, of every year we will smudge worldwide in memory of these events. We must never forget. #trailoftears

With less than 15 Hours to Get ready upon arrival. Tribes were denied from taking extra package, many left barefoot with no moccasins or blankets unaware of the... cold winter they would have to endure, tribes were not aloud to take extra food, instead it was salvaged by the soldiers for their own appetites. Soon after lands were been actioned and lotteries were been won and given away to the highest bidders. 8 years of no sleep also known as "Trail of Tears" Started October 15, 1831 to March of 1839. Oct. 15th, 1837. Marched the Party at 8 oc. A.M. halted and encamped at Spring Creek, at 11 o’c A.M. where Genl. Smith mustered the Party, which consumed the remainder of the day, 5 miles to day. Oct. 16th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted and encamped at Kelly’s ferry on Tennessee river, at 4 o’c. P.M. Issued corn & fodder, Corn meal & bacon, 14 miles to day. Oct. 17th, 1837. Commenced ferrying the Tennessee river at 8 o’c. A.M., having been detained until the sun dispelled the fog, every thing being in readiness to commence at day light, completed ferrying at 4 o’c. P.M. and reached little [p. 2] Richland creek at 8 o’c. P.M.., where the Party had been directed to halt and encamp, Issued corn & fodder, 7 miles to day. Oct. 18th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A.M., one of the provision wagons oversat, detained a half hour, no damage done, ascended Wallens ridge, (the ascent 2 miles) halted at Ragsdale’s at 1 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn-meal & bacon, 10 miles further to water, all wearied getting up the mountain, 5 miles today. Oct. 19th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A. M. descended the mountain, halted at 2 o’c. P.M., at Sequachee river near Mr. Springs, Issued corn & fodder, 11 miles to day. Oct. 20th, 1837. Marched at 6 o’c. A.M., ascended the Cumberland mountain, halted at Mr. Flemings, past 3 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn meal & Bacon, 14 miles to day. Oct. 21st, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A.M., descended the mountain, halted at Collins river, 4 1/r o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, the Indians appear fatigued this evening. 13 miles today, road extremely rough. Oct. 22nd, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M. passed through McMinnville, halted at Mr. Britts past 12 o’c. M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn meal & Bacon, Sugar [p. 3] and coffee to the waggoners & Interpreters, no water for 12 miles ahead, procured a quantity of corn meal and bacon to day. 7 miles to day. Oct. 23rd, 1837. Marched at 6 o’c. A.M., Capt. Prigmore badly hurt by a wagon horse attempting to run away, halted at Stone river near Woodbury, Te. past 4 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, 20 miles to day. Oct. 24th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A. M., halted at Mr. Yearwoods, 4 o’c. P.M., rained last night and to day, Issued corn & fodder, corn meal and bacon, 15 miles to day. Oct. 25th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., buried Andrew’s child at past 9 o’c. A.M., passed through Murfreesborough, halted at Overall’s creek, 4 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn and fodder, 14 miles to day. Oct. 26th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., passed through three turnpike Gates, halted at Mr. Harris, 3 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn meal & bacon, 16 miles to day. Oct. 27th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c. A.M., passed through two Turn 13 miles to day. Oct. 28th, 1837. Rested for the purpose of washing clothes, repairing wagons, and shoeing horses. Reese, Starr and others of the emigrants visited Genl. Jackson who was at Nashville, Issued corn & fodder, corn-meal and bacon, Assigned Mr. E. S. Curry to supply the place of Mr. Kincannon. Oct. 29th, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted at Long creek past 2 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, 13 miles to day. Oct. 30th, 1837. Marched at 7 o’c A.M., halted at Little red river past 5 o’c. P.M., encamped and issued corn & fodder, corn-meal & Bacon, 18 miles to day. Oct. 31st, 1837. Marched at 8 o’c. A.M., halted at Graves, Ken. 3 o’c. P.M., Issued corn & fodder, 16 miles to day. 1830 Indian Removal Act: The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. Five Civilised Tribes were the Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Chickasaw and Creek. The Choctaw tribe were removed in 1831 The Seminole tribe were removed in 1832 The Creek tribe were removed in 1834 The Chickasaw tribe were removed in 1837 The Cherokee tribe were removed in 1838 In the winter of 1838 the Cherokee began the thousand-mile march with scant clothing and most on foot without shoes or moccasins. The march began in Red Clay, Tennessee, the location of the last Eastern capital of the Cherokee Nation. Because of the diseases, the Native Americans (colloquially known as Indians) were not allowed to go into any towns or villages along the way; many times this meant traveling much farther to go around them. After crossing Tennessee and Kentucky, they arrived at the Ohio River across from Golconda in southern Illinois about the 3rd of December 1838. Here the starving Indians were charged a dollar a head (equal to $22.15 today) to cross the river on "Berry's Ferry" which typically charged twelve cents, equal to $2.66 today. They were not allowed passage until the ferry had serviced all others wishing to cross and were forced to take shelter under "Mantle Rock," a shelter bluff on the Kentucky side, until "Berry had nothing better to do". Many died huddled together at Mantle Rock waiting to cross. Several Cherokee were murdered by locals. The killers filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government through the courthouse in Vienna, suing the government for $35 a head (equal to $775.14 today) to bury the murdered Cherokee. As they crossed southern Illinois, on December 26, Martin Davis, Commissary Agent for Moses Daniel's detachment, wrote: "There is the coldest weather in Illinois I ever experienced anywhere. The streams are all frozen over something like 8 or 12 inches (20 or 30 cm) thick. We are compelled to cut through the ice to get water for ourselves and animals. It snows here every two or three days at the farther east. We are now camped in Mississippi River swamp 4 miles (6.4 km) from the river, and there is no possible chance of crossing the river for the numerous quantity of ice that comes floating down the river every day. We have only traveled 65 miles (105 km) on the last month, including the time spent at this place, which has been about three weeks. It is unknown when we shall cross the river..." Nevertheless, the treaty, passed by Congress by a single vote, and signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren who allowed Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Alabama an armed force of 7,000 made up of militia, regular army, and volunteers under General Winfield Scott to round up about 13,000 Cherokees into concentration camps at the U.S. Indian Agency near Cleveland, Tennessee before being sent to the West. Most of the deaths occurred from disease, starvation and cold in these camps. Their homes were burned and their property destroyed and plundered. Farms belonging to the Cherokees for generations were won by white settlers in a lottery. After the initial roundup, the U.S. military still oversaw the emigration until they met the forced destination. Private John G. Burnett later wrote, "Future generations will read and condemn the act and I do hope posterity will remember that private soldiers like myself, and like the four Cherokees who were forced by General Scott to shoot an Indian Chief and his children, had to execute the orders of our superiors. We had no choice in the matter. #trailoftears

The Truth about Columbus and his arrival in 1492. More then 50,000,000 (million) natives were slaughtered. When the 16th century ended, some 200,000 Spaniards h...ad moved to America and Northwest. By that time more than 60,000,000 (million) natives were dead. So many first nations died that they could not be counted, all through the land the indigenous lay dead everywhere, mostly women and children. The stench was very great and pestiferous. So many were dead, almost like counting the stars, the surviving natives fell victims to rape, murder, enslavement and Spanish raids. The Spaniards (white settlers) took babies from there mothers breast, grabbing them by the feet and smashing there heads against rocks. The Spaniards found pleasure in inventing all kinds of odd cruelties. They built a long gibbet, long enough for the toes to touch the ground to prevent strangling, and hanged thirteen [natives] at a time in honor of Christ the Savior and the twelve Apostles. Then, straw was wrapped around their torn bodies and they were burned alive. The chief was captured and burned alive. On another occasion, "The Spaniards cut off the arm of one, the leg or hip of another, and from some their heads at one stroke, like butchers cutting up beef and mutton for market. 40 out of Six hundred, including the cacique, were ordered to be torn to pieces by dogs. Known as (the hounds of hell) The island's population of about eight million people, at the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492, already had declined by a third to a half before the year 1496 was out. Eventually, all the island's natives were exterminated, so the Spaniards were "forced" to import slaves from other Caribbean islands, who soon suffered the same fate. The Caribbean's millions of native people were thereby effectively liquidated in barely a quarter of a century. In less than the normal lifetime of a single human being, an entire culture of millions of people, thousands of years resident in their homeland, had been exterminated. And then the Spanish turned their attention to the mainland of Mexico and Central America. The slaughter had barely begun. The exquisite city of Tenochtitlan [Mexico City] was next. All the natives in Florida were exterminated and the land was taken in the name of Christ, as well as the Caribbean lands. Of course the founders of North America were no different. Although none of the settlers would have survived winter without native help, they soon set out to expel and exterminate the Indians. In the spring of 1612, some English colonists found life among the friendly and generous natives. Governor Thomas Dale had these settlers hunted down and executed, "Some he appointed to be hanged some burned some to be broken upon wheles, others to be staked and some shot to death, this was also the punishment for those who wished to act like a native. Those who had no choice in the matter, because they were the native people of Virginia, methods were different. When an Indian was accused by an Englishman of stealing a cup and failing to return it, the English response was to attack the natives in force, burning the entire community down, when ever a white settler was found dead a whole village was burned and hundreds of natives were hung, the chief was burned alive. Other Indians were killed in successful plots of poisoning. The colonists even had dogs especially trained to kill Indians and to devour children from their mothers’ breasts, this was done until the extermination was near it’s completion. Peace treaties were signed with every intention to violate them. In 1624, sixty heavily armed Englishmen cut down 800 defenseless Indian men, women and children. In a single massacre in "King Philip's War" of 1675 and 1676 some "600 Indians were destroyed. The pastor later describe the slaughter as been a barbecue. 98% of the aboriginal race had been wiped off the face of the planet by the 1700’s Europeans are white. Spaniards are indigenous to Spain. Therefore Spaniards are white. The Spaniards as a population have some minor mixing with other races throughout their history but they are a majority white European race. They are Iberian's. There are more white settlers in Spain than in the USA. Before the arrival of the English, the western Abenaki people in New Hampshire and Vermont had numbered 12,000. Less than half a century later about 250 remained alive, a destruction rate of 98%. The Pocumtuck people had numbered more than 18,000, fifty years later they were down to 920, 95% destroyed. The Quiripi-Unquachog people had numbered about 30,000, fifty years later they were down to 1500, 95% destroyed. The Massachusetts people had numbered at least 44,000, fifty years later barely 6,000 were alive, 81% destroyed. These are only a few examples of the multitude of tribes living before Christian colonists set their foot on the 'New World.' All this was before the smallpox epidemics of 1677 and 1678. All the above was only the beginning of the European colonization, it was before the frontier age had actually begun. Smallpox and other epidemics destroyed a total of maybe more than 150 million Indians between 1500 and 1900, amounting two thirds of the population. This leaves some 50 million killed directly by violence, bad treatment and slavery. In 1703 Reveren Soloman Stoddard formally proposed to the Massachusetts Governor that the colonists be given the financial wherewithal to purchase and train large packs of dogs 'to hunt Indians as they do bears. Colonel John Chivington, a former Methodist minister and still an elder in the church had a Cheyenne village of about 600, mostly women and children, gunned down despite the chiefs' waving a white flag: 400-500 killed. Hawwaii was and use to belong to the natives. By the 1860's, "In Hawaii the Reverend Rufus Anderson surveyed the carnage that by then had reduced those islands’ native population by 90 percent or more. http://jdstone.org//fi/exterminationofamericanindians.html